Certificate in Small Acreage Farming (Livestock)

The perfect course if you own or operate a small acreage property and want to run a small number of livestock for profit or pleasure!

Perhaps you are considering purchasing acreage with a business idea in mind or you could find a small farming enterprise always set up for sale just ready for you to move in and take over?

Develop the skills to manage livestock confidently whilst ensuring their safety and wellbeing on smaller properties. Raising and caring for livestock, even in small numbers, is challenging and rewarding. This course is ideal for the hobby farmer or enthusiast or for those seeking a change of pace or a country life...

Study all you need to know from how to manage the farm as a business, how to ensure the practices are sustainable, how to look after the pastures, know about health care provisions and of course you will study animal husbandry - the everyday tough stuff you will need to know for caring for livestock!

Is it time for you to feel the rewards of having your own small acreage farm?!

START TODAY WITH 4 CORE MODULES:

1. Pasture Management

Introduction to pastures
Pasture plants
Pasture varieties
Site considerations 
Establishing new pastures
Managing existing pastures 
Managing stock on pasture 
Pasture mangement work tasks

2. Animal Husbandry I (Anatomy and Physiology)

Cells and tissues introduction
The digestive system 
The circulatory system 
The urinary system 
The nervous system 
Respiration
Reproductive system
Muscles and meat 
The skeleton 
Growth, development and the endocrine system 
Comparing different animals

3. Animal Husbandry II (Animal health)

Introduction to animal health 
Signs and symptoms of diseases 
Disease classification
Causes and diagnosis of disease 
Treatment of disease 
Inflammation
Fever and Immunity 
Tissue repair 
Wounds
Cell changes

4. Animal Husbandry III (Feed and nutrition)

Introduction to animal foods 
Food components - carbohydrates and fats 
Food components - proteins, minerals and trace elements 
Evaluating foods and digestibility 
Classifying foods (three lessons)
Calculating rations (three lessons)

COMPLETE THE COURSE WITH 2 ELECTIVES SELECTED FROM THE LIST

• Goat Husbandry
• Sheep
• Pigs
• Horse Care I 
• Poultry
• Diagnosing Animal Disease 
• Natural Health Care for Animals 
• Farm Management 
• Organic Farming 
• Sustainable Agriculture 
• Calf Rearing 
• Dairy Cattle 
• Beef Cattle

You want to study more than two of these electives...? Then why not jump up to an relevant Advanced Certificate instead!

SAMPLE COURSE NOTES TAKEN FROM Animal Husbandry III (Feed and Nutrition)

BUILD UP OF PROTEINS

A typical food protein is built up from twenty-two amino acids although this figure can vary from twenty to twenty five. The question you might ask is "where do amino acids come from?". The answer is that plants can manufacture amino acids (and thus proteins) from simple chemical substances which contain nitrogen. Animals cannot do this and must be fed the amino acids in order to build up their protein. We shall look at this in more detail below.

Plants
One of the important systems in the growing of crops is the NITROGEN CYCLE. When organic matter (plant residues, weeds, animal dung, urine, dead insects, bacteria, etc.) are ploughed back into the soil, it is attacked by bacteria and fungi in the soil. This causes the organic matter to decompose and rot down. The protein part of the organic matter breaks down into amino acids and then further down into ammonia gas whose chemical formula is: NH3

Some of the ammonia escapes from the soil because it is a gas, but the rest is used by certain bacteria in the soil and built up into chemicals called nitrites. These are then converted by other bacteria into nitrates are dissolved in the water in the soil. Plants that are growing in the soil take up the soil water and the nitrates. Once inside the plant, the nitrates are built up into amino acids and then into protein.

An important point to note is that nitrogen is very easily lost from this cycle. Nitrogen is the only nutrient which is lost to the atmosphere in appreciable amounts. This happens when nitrogen is in it's gaseous form, ammonia. Nitrogen is also very easily lost when it is in solution as nitrates. Nitrates are leached from the soil and flow into rivers, causing pollution of water courses. Although much of the blame for this pollution has been aimed at farmers who use artificial nitrogenous fertilizers, just as much run-off can occur from the storage and use of slurry and farmyard manure.

As it is so very easy for nitrogen to be lost from the cycle, farmers should make use of agricultural practices that conserve this vital nutrient. Ways in which the loss of nitrogen can be slowed are found in the table below:

Practices Which Conserve Nitrogen

• Store manures under cover (e.g. plastic sheets).

• Collect and use run-off from stored manure.

• Plough and seed wherever possible in spring.

• Never leave the soil bare.

• Sow a legume crop in between main crops to cover the land and to add nitrogen to the soil.

• Do not over-dress the land with artificial fertilizers or manures - this is wasteful. A guide is to
add the equivalent amount of nitrogen that would be produced by 4 cattle per hectare.

• Try to recycle the nitrogen on the farm rather than buying in manure or artificial fertilizer.

• Try to have some land grazed, not ploughed.

• It is easier to conserve nitrogen on a mixed farm (animals and crops) than on an arable farm.

As we saw, previously, plants can take up a simple chemical like ammonium nitrate and build this up, firstly, into very complex amino acids and, finally, into proteins. Plants essentially manufacture proteins.

Generally animals can not do this. The one exception is when the ruminant is fed urea (this will be discussed later). In all other cases, animals are dependant for their needs on plant or animal proteins, break them down into their many different amino acids and then re-build them into different proteins.

Amino acids that are unused by the animal are broken down further and excreted. They cannot be stored in the way fat can be stored in an animal, and, as protein foods are expensive, it is wasteful for a farmer to feed too much protein to his stock.

Biological Value of Protein 
Some of the amino acids are called Essential Amino Acids because they are vital to the maintenance and production of the body. Each species of animal has different Essential Amino Acids. As an example, the pig requires the following:

Arginine 0.20%
Histidine 0.20%
Isoleucine 0.55%
Leucine 0.60%
Lysine 0.75%
Methionine 0.55%
Phenylaline 0.50%
Threonine 0.40%
Tryptophan 0.13%
Valine 0.50%

Of these, the most important in pig nutrition is Lysine. There is a high proportion of this amino acid in the protein of white fish meal and soybean meal. In fact, Lysine is so important in pig nutrition that plant breeders are trying to produce varieties of maize and barley with a high Lysine percentage in their protein.

Food proteins that contain all the essential amino acids are said to have a high biological value. Such foods are mainly animal proteins such as milk, eggs, meat and fish. Food proteins that contain only a few of the essential amino acids are said to have low biological value. These are essentially the vegetable proteins (such as cereals and nuts). Generally, vegetable proteins will be high in some of the essential amino acids, but lacking in others.

The biological value of vegetable protein can be increased by feeding combinations of vegetable proteins that complement each other. For example, if grains and beans are fed together, they will supply all the essential amino acids so that their combined biological value is comparable to an animal protein such as meat. Another solution is to increase the biological value of vegetable protein by feeding it with an animal protein. For example, it is common to feed pigs on cereal meal and skimmed milk - the skim milk provides animal protein which boosts the biological value of the cereal meal. The amino acid requirements of pigs, sheep, cattle and poultry are all different. The requirements also very according to whether the animal is growing, reproducing, giving milk or eggs, etc. Therefore the biological value of the protein is specific to the animal which eats it.